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Between 2006 and 2007, Iraq experienced a high level of sectarian violence. Some scholars and journalists state that the country was experiencing a civil war.〔 Following the U.S.-launched 2003 invasion of Iraq, intercommunal violence between Iraqi Sunni and Shi'a factions became prevalent. In February 2006, the Sunni organization Al-Qaeda in Iraq bombed one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam - the al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. This set off a wave of Shi'a reprisals against Sunnis followed by Sunni counterattacks. The conflict escalated over the next several months until by 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate described the situation as having elements of a civil war. In 2008 and 2009, during the Sunni Awakening and the surge, violence declined dramatically. However, low-level strife continued to plague Iraq until the U.S. withdrawal in late 2011.〔 Two polls of Americans conducted in 2006 found that between 65% to 85% believed Iraq was in a civil war;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Poll: Nearly two-thirds of Americans say Iraq in civil war )〕〔(12/06 CBS: 85% of Americans now characterize the situation in Iraq as a Civil War )〕 however, a similar poll of Iraqis conducted in 2007 found that 61% did not believe that they were in a civil war.〔 In October 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Iraqi government estimated that more than 370,000 Iraqis had been displaced since the 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, bringing the total number of Iraqi refugees to more than 1.6 million. By 2008, the UNHCR raised the estimate of refugees to a total of about 4.7 million (~16% of the population). The number of refugees estimated abroad was 2 million (a number close to CIA projections〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CIA World Factbook: Iraq )〕) and the number of internally displaced people was 2.7 million.〔(UNHCR - Iraq: Latest return survey shows few intending to go home soon ). Published April 29, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.〕 The estimated number of orphans across Iraq has ranged from 400,000 (according to the Baghdad Provincial Council), to five million (according to Iraq's anti-corruption board). A UN report from 2008 placed the number of orphans at about 870,000.〔(5 million Iraqi orphans, anti-corruption board reveals ) English translation of Aswat Al Iraq newspaper December 15, 2007〕 The Red Cross stated in 2008 that Iraq's humanitarian situation was among the most critical in the world, with millions of Iraqis forced to rely on insufficient and poor-quality water sources.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Iraq: No let-up in the humanitarian crisis )〕 According to the Failed States Index, produced by Foreign Policy magazine and the Fund for Peace, Iraq was one of the world's top 5 unstable states from 2005 to 2008.〔 * (【引用サイトリンク】 title= Failed States list 2005 ) * (【引用サイトリンク】 title= Failed States list 2006 ) * (【引用サイトリンク】 title= Failed States list 2007 ) * (【引用サイトリンク】title=Failed States list 2008 )〕 A poll of top U.S. foreign policy experts conducted in 2007 showed that over the next 10 years, just 3% of experts believed the U.S. would be able to rebuild Iraq into a "beacon of democracy" and 58% of experts believed that Sunni–Shiite tensions would dramatically increase in the Middle East.〔(U.S. foreign policy experts oppose surge )〕〔(Foreign Policy: Terrorism Survey III (Final Results) )〕 == Ethno-sectarian composition == (詳細はIraq can be divided into several main ideological or ethnic strands: * Shias (Arabic speaking): 55-65%: A majority of the population. Were politically marginalized under the Saddam Hussein regime. * Sunnis (Arabic speaking): 20%: Dominated politically Iraq for centuries until the Coalition invasion of 2003. * Kurdish - 26%: independent administration (mostly Sunnis, small Shi'ite, Yazidi, and other elements). * Assyrian - 1%: This group has a minor role in the current situation (mostly Christians). * Turkoman - 2%: This group has a minor role in the current situation (majority Sunni with large Shi'a minority), although Turkey is concerned about their overall treatment in Iraq. ''Religions'': * Islam - 95%: This is the primary religion in Iraq and serves as one of the primary sectarian distinctions. * * Sunni - 30%: Majority Arabs with Kurds and Turkomans by 3 to 1. * * Shi'ite - 65%: Mainly Arabs with a very small minority of Kurds and Turkomans. * Christian, Mandaeans and Yazidi ~ 5% : These groups have a minor role in the civil war situation. The main two participants in the violence were the Arab Sunni and Arab Shia factions, but conflicts within a single group also occurred. The Kurds were caught between the two religious groups, but as they were an ethnicity as opposed to a religious movement, they were often at odds with the Arabs that were settled in Iraqi Kurdistan by Saddam's Arabization policy.〔"''(US exit may lead to Iraqi civil war )''". November 19, 2003〕 Blurring this cohesion, though, were division of social, economic, political and geographic identities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–07)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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